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E.6. Release 15

E.6.1. Overview

E.6.2. Migration to Version 15

E.6.3. Changes

E.6.4. Acknowledgments

Release date: 2022-10-13

E.6.1. Overview

PostgreSQL 15 contains many new features and enhancements, including:

  • Support for the SQL MERGE command.

  • Selective publication of tables' contents within logical replication publications, through the ability to specify column lists and row filter conditions.

  • More options for compression, including support for Zstandard (zstd) compression. This includes support for performing compression on the server side during pg_basebackup.

  • Support for structured server log output using the JSON format.

  • Performance improvements, particularly for in-memory and on-disk sorting.

The above items and other new features of PostgreSQL 15 are explained in more detail in the sections below.

E.6.2. Migration to Version 15

A dump/restore using pg_dumpall or use of pg_upgrade or logical replication is required for those wishing to migrate data from any previous release. See Section 19.6 for general information on migrating to new major releases.

Version 15 contains a number of changes that may affect compatibility with previous releases. Observe the following incompatibilities:

  • Remove PUBLIC creation permission on the public schema (Noah Misch)

    The new default is one of the secure schema usage patterns that Section 5.9.6 has recommended since the security release for CVE-2018-1058. The change applies to new database clusters and to newly-created databases in existing clusters. Upgrading a cluster or restoring a database dump will preserve `public’s existing permissions.

    For existing databases, especially those having multiple users, consider revoking CREATE permission on the public schema to adopt this new default. For new databases having no need to defend against insider threats, granting CREATE permission will yield the behavior of prior releases.

  • Change the owner of the public schema to be the new pg_database_owner role (Noah Misch)

    This allows each database’s owner to have ownership privileges on the public schema within their database. Previously it was owned by the bootstrap superuser, so that non-superuser database owners could not do anything with it.

    This change applies to new database clusters and to newly-created databases in existing clusters. Upgrading a cluster or restoring a database dump will preserve `public’s existing ownership specification.

  • Remove long-deprecated exclusive backup mode (David Steele, Nathan Bossart)

    If the database server stops abruptly while in this mode, the server could fail to start. The non-exclusive backup mode is considered superior for all purposes. Functions pg_start_backup()/pg_stop_backup() have been renamed to pg_backup_start()/pg_backup_stop(), and the functions pg_backup_start_time() and pg_is_in_backup() have been removed.

  • Increase hash_mem_multiplier default to 2.0 (Peter Geoghegan)

    This allows query hash operations to use more work_mem memory than other operations.

  • Remove server-side language plpython2u and generic Python language plpythonu (Andres Freund)

    Python 2.x is no longer supported. While the original intent of plpythonu was that it could eventually refer to plpython3u, changing it now seems more likely to cause problems than solve them, so it’s just been removed.

  • Generate an error if array_to_tsvector() is passed an empty-string array element (Jean-Christophe Arnu)

    This is prohibited because lexemes should never be empty. Users of previous Postgres releases should verify that no empty lexemes are stored because they can lead to dump/restore failures and inconsistent results.

  • Generate an error when chr() is supplied with a negative argument (Peter Eisentraut)

  • Prevent CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW from changing the collation of an output column (Tom Lane)

  • Disallow zero-length Unicode identifiers, e.g., U&"" (Peter Eisentraut)

    Non-Unicode zero-length identifiers were already disallowed.

  • Prevent numeric literals from having non-numeric trailing characters (Peter Eisentraut)

    Previously, query text like 123abc would be interpreted as 123 followed by a separate token abc.

  • Adjust JSON numeric literal processing to match the SQL/JSON-standard (Peter Eisentraut)

    This accepts numeric formats like .1 and 1., and disallows trailing junk after numeric literals, like 1.type().

  • When interval input provides a fractional value for a unit greater than months, round to the nearest month (Bruce Momjian)

    For example, convert 1.99 years to 2 years, not 1 year 11 months as before.

  • Improve consistency of interval parsing with trailing periods (Tom Lane)

    Numbers with trailing periods were rejected on some platforms.

  • Mark the interval output function as stable, not immutable, since it depends on IntervalStyle (Tom Lane)

    This will, for example, cause creation of indexes relying on the text output of interval values to fail.

  • Detect integer overflow in interval justification functions (Joe Koshakow)

    The affected functions are justify_interval(), justify_hours(), and justify_days().

  • Change the I/O format of type "char" for non-ASCII characters (Tom Lane)

    Bytes with the high bit set are now output as a backslash and three octal digits, to avoid encoding issues.

  • Remove the default ADMIN OPTION privilege a login role has on its own role membership (Robert Haas)

    Previously, a login role could add/remove members of its own role, even without ADMIN OPTION privilege.

  • Allow logical replication to run as the owner of the subscription (Mark Dilger)

    Because row-level security policies are not checked, only superusers, roles with bypassrls, and table owners can replicate into tables with row-level security policies.

  • Prevent UPDATE and DELETE logical replication operations on tables where the subscription owner does not have SELECT permission on the table (Jeff Davis)

    UPDATE and DELETE commands typically involve reading the table as well, so require the subscription owner to have table SELECT permission.

  • When EXPLAIN references the session’s temporary object schema, refer to it as pg_temp (Amul Sul)

    Previously the actual schema name was reported, leading to inconsistencies across sessions.

  • Fix pg_statio_all_tables to sum values for the rare case of TOAST tables with multiple indexes (Andrei Zubkov)

    Previously such cases would show one row for each index.

  • Disallow setting custom options that match the name of an installed extension, but are not one of the extension’s declared variables (Florin Irion, Tom Lane)

    This change causes any such pre-existing variables to be deleted during extension load, and then prevents new ones from being created later in the session. The intent is to prevent confusion about whether a variable is associated with an extension or not.

  • Remove obsolete server variable stats_temp_directory (Andres Freund, Kyotaro Horiguchi)

  • Improve the algorithm used to compute random() (Fabien Coelho)

    This will cause `random()’s results to differ from what was emitted by prior versions, even for the same seed value.

  • libpq’s PQsendQuery() function is no longer supported in pipeline mode (Álvaro Herrera)

    Applications that are using that combination will need to be modified to use PQsendQueryParams() instead.

  • On non-Windows platforms, consult the HOME environment variable to find the user’s home directory (Anders Kaseorg)

    If HOME is empty or unset, fall back to the previous method of checking the <pwd.h> database. This change affects libpq (for example, while looking up ~/.pgpass) as well as various client application programs.

  • Remove pg_dump's --no-synchronized-snapshots option (Tom Lane)

    All still-supported server versions support synchronized snapshots, so there’s no longer a need for this option.

  • After an error is detected in psql's --single-transaction mode, change the final COMMIT command to ROLLBACK only if ON_ERROR_STOP is set (Michael Paquier)

  • Avoid unnecessary casting of constants in queries sent by postgres_fdw (Dian Fay)

    When column types are intentionally different between local and remote databases, such casts could cause errors.

  • Remove xml2's xml_is_well_formed() function (Tom Lane)

    This function has been implemented in the core backend since Postgres 9.1.

  • Allow custom scan providers to indicate if they support projections (Sven Klemm)

    The default is now that custom scan providers are assumed to not support projections; those that do will need to be updated for this release.

E.6.3. Changes

Below you will find a detailed account of the changes between PostgreSQL 15 and the previous major release.

E.6.3.1. Server

  • Record and check the collation version of each database (Peter Eisentraut)

    This feature is designed to detect collation version changes to avoid index corruption. Function pg_database_collation_actual_version() reports the underlying operating system collation version, and ALTER DATABASE ... REFRESH sets the recorded database collation version to match the operating system collation version.

  • Allow ICU collations to be set as the default for clusters and databases (Peter Eisentraut)

    Previously, only libc-based collations could be selected at the cluster and database levels. ICU collations could only be used via explicit COLLATE clauses.

  • Add system view pg_ident_file_mappings to report pg_ident.conf information (Julien Rouhaud)

E.6.3.1.1. Partitioning

  • Improve planning time for queries referencing partitioned tables (David Rowley)

    This change helps when only a few of many partitions are relevant.

  • Allow ordered scans of partitions to avoid sorting in more cases (David Rowley)

    Previously, a partitioned table with a DEFAULT partition or a LIST partition containing multiple values could not be used for ordered partition scans. Now they can be used if such partitions are pruned during planning.

  • Improve foreign key behavior of updates on partitioned tables that move rows between partitions (Amit Langote)

    Previously, such updates ran a delete action on the source partition and an insert action on the target partition. PostgreSQL will now run an update action on the partition root, providing cleaner semantics.

  • Allow CLUSTER on partitioned tables (Justin Pryzby)

  • Fix ALTER TRIGGER RENAME on partitioned tables to properly rename triggers on all partitions (Arne Roland, Álvaro Herrera)

    Also prohibit cloned triggers from being renamed.

E.6.3.1.2. Indexes

  • Allow btree indexes on system and TOAST tables to efficiently store duplicates (Peter Geoghegan)

    Previously de-duplication was disabled for these types of indexes.

  • Improve lookup performance of GiST indexes that were built using sorting (Aliaksandr Kalenik, Sergei Shoulbakov, Andrey Borodin)

  • Allow unique constraints and indexes to treat NULL values as not distinct (Peter Eisentraut)

    Previously NULL entries were always treated as distinct values, but this can now be changed by creating constraints and indexes using UNIQUE NULLS NOT DISTINCT.

  • Allow the ^@ starts-with operator and the starts_with() function to use btree indexes if using the C collation (Tom Lane)

    Previously these could only use SP-GiST indexes.

E.6.3.1.3. Optimizer

  • Allow extended statistics to record statistics for a parent with all its children (Tomas Vondra, Justin Pryzby)

    Regular statistics already tracked parent and parent-plus-all-children statistics separately.

  • Add server variable recursive_worktable_factor to allow the user to specify the expected size of the working table of a recursive query (Simon Riggs)

E.6.3.1.4. General Performance

  • Allow hash lookup for NOT IN clauses with many constants (David Rowley, James Coleman)

    Previously the code always sequentially scanned the list of values.

  • Allow SELECT DISTINCT to be parallelized (David Rowley)

  • Speed up encoding validation of UTF-8 text by processing 16 bytes at a time (John Naylor, Heikki Linnakangas)

    This will improve text-heavy operations like COPY FROM.

  • Improve performance for sorts that exceed work_mem (Heikki Linnakangas)

    When the sort data no longer fits in work_mem, switch to a batch sorting algorithm that uses more output streams than before.

  • Improve performance and reduce memory consumption of in-memory sorts (Ronan Dunklau, David Rowley, Thomas Munro, John Naylor)

  • Allow WAL full page writes to use LZ4 and Zstandard compression (Andrey Borodin, Justin Pryzby)

    This is controlled by the wal_compression server setting.

  • Add support for writing WAL using direct I/O on macOS (Thomas Munro)

    This only works if max_wal_senders = 0 and wal_level = minimal.

  • Allow vacuum to be more aggressive in setting the oldest frozen and multi transaction id (Peter Geoghegan)

  • Allow a query referencing multiple foreign tables to perform parallel foreign table scans in more cases (Andrey Lepikhov, Etsuro Fujita)

  • Improve the performance of window functions that use row_number(), rank(), dense_rank() and count() (David Rowley)

  • Improve the performance of spinlocks on high-core-count ARM64 systems (Geoffrey Blake)

E.6.3.1.5. Monitoring

  • Enable default logging of checkpoints and slow autovacuum operations (Bharath Rupireddy)

    This changes the default of log_checkpoints to on and that of log_autovacuum_min_duration to 10 minutes. This will cause even an idle server to generate some log output, which might cause problems on resource-constrained servers without log file rotation. These defaults should be changed in such cases.

  • Generate progress messages in the server log during slow server starts (Nitin Jadhav, Robert Haas)

    The messages report the cause of the delay. The time interval for notification is controlled by the new server variable log_startup_progress_interval.

  • Store cumulative statistics system data in shared memory (Kyotaro Horiguchi, Andres Freund, Melanie Plageman)

    Previously this data was sent to a statistics collector process via UDP packets, and could only be read by sessions after transferring it via the file system. There is no longer a separate statistics collector process.

  • Add additional information to VACUUM VERBOSE and autovacuum logging messages (Peter Geoghegan)

  • Add EXPLAIN (BUFFERS) output for temporary file block I/O (Masahiko Sawada)

  • Allow log output in JSON format (Sehrope Sarkuni, Michael Paquier)

    The new setting is log_destination = jsonlog.

  • Allow pg_stat_reset_single_table_counters() to reset the counters of relations shared across all databases (Sadhuprasad Patro)

  • Add wait events for local shell commands (Fujii Masao)

    The new wait events are used when calling archive_command, archive_cleanup_command, restore_command and recovery_end_command.

E.6.3.1.6. Privileges

  • Allow table accesses done by a view to optionally be controlled by privileges of the view’s caller (Christoph Heiss)

    Previously, view accesses were always treated as being done by the view’s owner. That’s still the default.

  • Allow members of the pg_write_server_files predefined role to perform server-side base backups (Dagfinn Ilmari Mannsåker)

    Previously only superusers could perform such backups.

  • Allow GRANT to grant permissions to change individual server variables via SET and ALTER SYSTEM (Mark Dilger)

    The new function has_parameter_privilege() reports on this privilege.

  • Add predefined role pg_checkpoint that allows members to run CHECKPOINT (Jeff Davis)

    Previously checkpoints could only be run by superusers.

  • Allow members of the pg_read_all_stats predefined role to access the views pg_backend_memory_contexts and pg_shmem_allocations (Bharath Rupireddy)

    Previously these views could only be accessed by superusers.

  • Allow GRANT to grant permissions on pg_log_backend_memory_contexts() (Jeff Davis)

    Previously this function could only be run by superusers.

E.6.3.1.7. Server Configuration

  • Add server variable shared_memory_size to report the size of allocated shared memory (Nathan Bossart)

  • Add server variable shared_memory_size_in_huge_pages to report the number of huge memory pages required (Nathan Bossart)

    This is only supported on Linux.

  • Honor server variable shared_preload_libraries in single-user mode (Jeff Davis)

    This change supports use of shared_preload_libraries to load custom access methods and WAL resource managers, which would be essential for database access even in single-user mode.

  • On Solaris, make the default setting of dynamic_shared_memory_type be sysv (Thomas Munro)

    The previous default choice, posix, can result in spurious failures on this platform.

  • Allow postgres -C to properly report runtime-computed values (Nathan Bossart)

    Previously runtime-computed values data_checksums, wal_segment_size, and data_directory_mode would report values that would not be accurate on the running server. However, this does not work on a running server.

E.6.3.2. Streaming Replication and Recovery

  • Add support for LZ4 and Zstandard compression of server-side base backups (Jeevan Ladhe, Robert Haas)

  • Run the checkpointer and bgwriter processes during crash recovery (Thomas Munro)

    This helps to speed up long crash recoveries.

  • Allow WAL processing to pre-fetch needed file contents (Thomas Munro)

    This is controlled by the server variable recovery_prefetch.

  • Allow archiving via loadable modules (Nathan Bossart)

    Previously, archiving was only done by calling shell commands. The new server variable archive_library can be set to specify a library to be called for archiving.

  • No longer require IDENTIFY_SYSTEM to be run before START_REPLICATION (Jeff Davis)

E.6.3.2.1. Logical Replication

  • Allow publication of all tables in a schema (Vignesh C, Hou Zhijie, Amit Kapila)

    For example, this syntax is now supported: CREATE PUBLICATION pub1 FOR TABLES IN SCHEMA s1,s2. ALTER PUBLICATION supports a similar syntax. Tables added later to the listed schemas will also be replicated.

  • Allow publication content to be filtered using a WHERE clause (Hou Zhijie, Euler Taveira, Peter Smith, Ajin Cherian, Tomas Vondra, Amit Kapila)

    Rows not satisfying the WHERE clause are not published.

  • Allow publication content to be restricted to specific columns (Tomas Vondra, Álvaro Herrera, Rahila Syed)

  • Allow skipping of transactions on a subscriber using ALTER SUBSCRIPTION ... SKIP (Masahiko Sawada)

  • Add support for prepared (two-phase) transactions to logical replication (Peter Smith, Ajin Cherian, Amit Kapila, Nikhil Sontakke, Stas Kelvich)

    The new CREATE_REPLICATION_SLOT option is called TWO_PHASE. pg_recvlogical now supports a new --two-phase option during slot creation.

  • Prevent logical replication of empty transactions (Ajin Cherian, Hou Zhijie, Euler Taveira)

    Previously, publishers would send empty transactions to subscribers if subscribed tables were not modified.

  • Add SQL functions to monitor the directory contents of logical replication slots (Bharath Rupireddy)

    The new functions are pg_ls_logicalsnapdir(), pg_ls_logicalmapdir(), and pg_ls_replslotdir(). They can be run by members of the predefined pg_monitor role.

  • Allow subscribers to stop the application of logical replication changes on error (Osumi Takamichi, Mark Dilger)

    This is enabled with the subscriber option disable_on_error and avoids possible infinite error loops during stream application.

  • Adjust subscriber server variables to match the publisher so datetime and float8 values are interpreted consistently (Japin Li)

    Some publishers might be relying on inconsistent behavior.

  • Add system view pg_stat_subscription_stats to report on subscriber activity (Masahiko Sawada)

    The new function pg_stat_reset_subscription_stats() allows resetting these statistics counters.

  • Suppress duplicate entries in the pg_publication_tables system view (Hou Zhijie)

    In some cases a partition could appear more than once.

E.6.3.3. Utility Commands

  • Add SQL MERGE command to adjust one table to match another (Simon Riggs, Pavan Deolasee, Álvaro Herrera, Amit Langote)

    This is similar to INSERT ... ON CONFLICT but more batch-oriented.

  • Add support for HEADER option in COPY text format (Rémi Lapeyre)

    The new option causes the column names to be output, and optionally verified on input.

  • Add new WAL-logged method for database creation (Dilip Kumar)

    This is the new default method for copying the template database, as it avoids the need for checkpoints during database creation. However, it might be slow if the template database is large, so the old method is still available.

  • Allow CREATE DATABASE to set the database OID (Shruthi Gowda, Antonin Houska)

  • Prevent DROP DATABASE, DROP TABLESPACE, and ALTER DATABASE SET TABLESPACE from occasionally failing during concurrent use on Windows (Thomas Munro)

  • Allow foreign key ON DELETE SET actions to affect only specified columns (Paul Martinez)

    Previously, all of the columns in the foreign key were always affected.

  • Allow ALTER TABLE to modify a table’s ACCESS METHOD (Justin Pryzby, Jeff Davis)

  • Properly call object access hooks when ALTER TABLE causes table rewrites (Michael Paquier)

  • Allow creation of unlogged sequences (Peter Eisentraut)

  • Track dependencies on individual columns in the results of functions returning composite types (Tom Lane)

    Previously, if a view or rule contained a reference to a specific column within the result of a composite-returning function, that was not noted as a dependency; the view or rule was only considered to depend on the composite type as a whole. This meant that dropping the individual column would be allowed, causing problems in later use of the view or rule. The column-level dependency is now also noted, so that dropping such a column will be rejected unless the view is changed or dropped.

E.6.3.4. Data Types

  • Allow the scale of a numeric value to be negative, or greater than its precision (Dean Rasheed, Tom Lane)

    This allows rounding of values to the left of the decimal point, e.g., '1234'::numeric(4, -2) returns 1200.

  • Improve overflow detection when casting values to interval (Joe Koshakow)

  • Change the I/O format of type "char" for non-ASCII characters (Tom Lane)

  • Update the display width information of modern Unicode characters, like emojis (Jacob Champion)

    Also update from Unicode 5.0 to 14.0.0. There is now an automated way to keep Postgres updated with Unicode releases.

E.6.3.5. Functions

  • Add multirange input to range_agg() (Paul Jungwirth)

  • Add MIN() and MAX() aggregates for the xid8 data type (Ken Kato)

  • Add regular expression functions for compatibility with other relational systems (Gilles Darold, Tom Lane)

    The new functions are regexp_count(), regexp_instr(), regexp_like(), and regexp_substr(). Some new optional arguments were also added to regexp_replace().

  • Add the ability to compute the distance between polygons (Tom Lane)

  • Add to_char() format codes of, tzh, and tzm (Nitin Jadhav)

    The upper-case equivalents of these were already supported.

  • When applying AT TIME ZONE to a time with time zone value, use the transaction start time rather than wall clock time to determine whether DST applies (Aleksander Alekseev, Tom Lane)

    This allows the conversion to be considered stable rather than volatile, and it saves a kernel call per invocation.

  • Ignore NULL array elements in ts_delete() and setweight() functions with array arguments (Jean-Christophe Arnu)

    These functions effectively ignore empty-string array elements (since those could never match a valid lexeme). It seems consistent to let them ignore NULL elements too, instead of failing.

  • Add support for petabyte units to pg_size_pretty() and pg_size_bytes() (David Christensen)

  • Change pg_event_trigger_ddl_commands() to output references to other sessions' temporary schemas using the actual schema name (Tom Lane)

    Previously this function reported all temporary schemas as pg_temp, but it’s misleading to use that for any but the current session’s temporary schema.

E.6.3.6. PL/pgSQL

  • Fix enforcement of PL/pgSQL variable CONSTANT markings (Tom Lane)

    Previously, a variable could be used as a CALL output parameter or refcursor OPEN variable despite being marked CONSTANT.

E.6.3.7. libpq

  • Allow IP address matching against a server certificate’s Subject Alternative Name (Jacob Champion)

  • Allow PQsslAttribute() to report the SSL library type without requiring a libpq connection (Jacob Champion)

  • Change query cancellations sent by the client to use the same TCP settings as normal client connections (Jelte Fennema)

    This allows configured TCP timeouts to apply to query cancel connections.

  • Prevent libpq event callback failures from forcing an error result (Tom Lane)

E.6.3.8. Client Applications

  • Allow pgbench to retry after serialization and deadlock failures (Yugo Nagata, Marina Polyakova)

E.6.3.8.1. psql

  • Improve performance of psql’s \copy command, by sending data in larger chunks (Heikki Linnakangas)

  • Add \dconfig command to report server variables (Mark Dilger, Tom Lane)

    This is similar to the server-side SHOW command, but it can process patterns to show multiple variables conveniently.

  • Add \getenv command to assign the value of an environment variable to a psql variable (Tom Lane)

  • Add + option to the \lo_list and \dl commands to show large-object privileges (Pavel Luzanov)

  • Add a pager option for the \watch command (Pavel Stehule, Thomas Munro)

    This is only supported on Unix and is controlled by the PSQL_WATCH_PAGER environment variable.

  • Make psql include intra-query double-hyphen comments in queries sent to the server (Tom Lane, Greg Nancarrow)

    Previously such comments were removed from the query before being sent. Double-hyphen comments that are before any query text are not sent, and are not recorded as separate psql history entries.

  • Adjust psql so that Readline’s meta-# command will insert a double-hyphen comment marker (Tom Lane)

    Previously a pound marker was inserted, unless the user had taken the trouble to configure a non-default comment marker.

  • Make psql output all results when multiple queries are passed to the server at once (Fabien Coelho)

    Previously, only the last query result was displayed. The old behavior can be restored by setting the SHOW_ALL_RESULTS psql variable to off.

  • After an error is detected in --single-transaction mode, change the final COMMIT command to ROLLBACK only if ON_ERROR_STOP is set (Michael Paquier)

    Previously, detection of an error in a -c command or -f script file would lead to issuing ROLLBACK at the end, regardless of the value of ON_ERROR_STOP.

  • Improve psql’s tab completion (Shinya Kato, Dagfinn Ilmari Mannsåker, Peter Smith, Koyu Tanigawa, Ken Kato, David Fetter, Haiying Tang, Peter Eisentraut, Álvaro Herrera, Tom Lane, Masahiko Sawada)

  • Limit support of psql’s backslash commands to servers running PostgreSQL 9.2 or later (Tom Lane)

    Remove code that was only used when running with an older server. Commands that do not require any version-specific adjustments compared to 9.2 will still work.

E.6.3.8.2. pg_dump

  • Make pg_dump dump public schema ownership changes and security labels (Noah Misch)

  • Improve performance of dumping databases with many objects (Tom Lane)

    This will also improve the performance of pg_upgrade.

  • Improve parallel pg_dump’s performance for tables with large TOAST tables (Tom Lane)

  • Add dump/restore option --no-table-access-method to force restore to only use the default table access method (Justin Pryzby)

  • Limit support of pg_dump and pg_dumpall to servers running PostgreSQL 9.2 or later (Tom Lane)

E.6.3.9. Server Applications

  • Add new pg_basebackup option --target to control the base backup location (Robert Haas)

    The new options are server to write the backup locally and blackhole to discard the backup (for testing).

  • Allow pg_basebackup to do server-side gzip, LZ4, and Zstandard compression and client-side LZ4 and Zstandard compression of base backup files (Dipesh Pandit, Jeevan Ladhe)

    Client-side gzip compression was already supported.

  • Allow pg_basebackup to compress on the server side and decompress on the client side before storage (Dipesh Pandit)

    This is accomplished by specifying compression on the server side and plain output format.

  • Allow pg_basebackup’s --compress option to control the compression location (server or client), compression method, and compression options (Michael Paquier, Robert Haas)

  • Add the LZ4 compression method to pg_receivewal (Georgios Kokolatos)

    This is enabled via --compress=lz4 and requires binaries to be built using --with-lz4.

  • Add additional capabilities to pg_receivewal’s --compress option (Georgios Kokolatos)

  • Improve pg_receivewal’s ability to restart at the proper WAL location (Ronan Dunklau)

    Previously, pg_receivewal would start based on the WAL file stored in the local archive directory, or at the sending server’s current WAL flush location. With this change, if the sending server is running Postgres 15 or later, the local archive directory is empty, and a replication slot is specified, the replication slot’s restart point will be used.

  • Add pg_rewind option --config-file to simplify use when server configuration files are stored outside the data directory (Gunnar Bluth)

E.6.3.9.1. pg_upgrade

  • Store pg_upgrade’s log and temporary files in a subdirectory of the new cluster called pg_upgrade_output.d (Justin Pryzby)

    Previously such files were left in the current directory, requiring manual cleanup. Now they are automatically removed on successful completion of pg_upgrade.

  • Disable default status reporting during pg_upgrade operation if the output is not a terminal (Andres Freund)

    The status reporting output can be enabled for non-tty usage by using --verbose.

  • Make pg_upgrade report all databases with invalid connection settings (Jeevan Ladhe)

    Previously only the first database with an invalid connection setting was reported.

  • Make pg_upgrade preserve tablespace and database OIDs, as well as relation relfilenode numbers (Shruthi Gowda, Antonin Houska)

  • Add a --no-sync option to pg_upgrade (Michael Paquier)

    This is recommended only for testing.

  • Limit support of pg_upgrade to old servers running PostgreSQL 9.2 or later (Tom Lane)

E.6.3.9.2. pg_waldump

  • Allow pg_waldump output to be filtered by relation file node, block number, fork number, and full page images (David Christensen, Thomas Munro)

  • Make pg_waldump report statistics before an interrupted exit (Bharath Rupireddy)

    For example, issuing a control-C in a terminal running pg_waldump --stats --follow will report the current statistics before exiting. This does not work on Windows.

  • Improve descriptions of some transaction WAL records reported by pg_waldump (Masahiko Sawada, Michael Paquier)

  • Allow pg_waldump to dump information about multiple resource managers (Heikki Linnakangas)

    This is enabled by specifying the --rmgr option multiple times.

E.6.3.10. Documentation

  • Add documentation for pg_encoding_to_char() and pg_char_to_encoding() (Ian Lawrence Barwick)

  • Document the ^@ starts-with operator (Tom Lane)

E.6.3.11. Source Code

  • Add support for continuous integration testing using cirrus-ci (Andres Freund, Thomas Munro, Melanie Plageman)

  • Add configure option --with-zstd to enable Zstandard builds (Jeevan Ladhe, Robert Haas, Michael Paquier)

  • Add an ABI identifier field to the magic block in loadable libraries, allowing non-community PostgreSQL distributions to identify libraries that are not compatible with other builds (Peter Eisentraut)

    An ABI field mismatch will generate an error at load time.

  • Create a new pg_type.typcategory value for "char" (Tom Lane)

    Some other internal-use-only types have also been assigned to this category.

  • Add new protocol message TARGET to specify a new COPY method to be used for base backups (Robert Haas)

    pg_basebackup now uses this method.

  • Add new protocol message COMPRESSION and COMPRESSION_DETAIL to specify the compression method and options (Robert Haas)

  • Remove server support for old BASE_BACKUP command syntax and base backup protocol (Robert Haas)

  • Add support for extensions to set custom backup targets (Robert Haas)

  • Allow extensions to define custom WAL resource managers (Jeff Davis)

  • Add function pg_settings_get_flags() to get the flags of server variables (Justin Pryzby)

  • On Windows, export all the server’s global variables using PGDLLIMPORT markers (Robert Haas)

    Previously, only specific variables were accessible to extensions on Windows.

  • Require GNU make version 3.81 or later to build PostgreSQL (Tom Lane)

  • Require OpenSSL to build the pgcrypto extension (Peter Eisentraut)

  • Require Perl version 5.8.3 or later (Dagfinn Ilmari Mannsåker)

  • Require Python version 3.2 or later (Andres Freund)

E.6.3.12. Additional Modules

  • Allow amcheck to check sequences (Mark Dilger)

  • Improve amcheck sanity checks for TOAST tables (Mark Dilger)

  • Add new module basebackup_to_shell as an example of a custom backup target (Robert Haas)

  • Add new module basic_archive as an example of performing archiving via a library (Nathan Bossart)

  • Allow btree_gist indexes on boolean columns (Emre Hasegeli)

    These can be used for exclusion constraints.

  • Fix pageinspect's page_header() to handle 32-kilobyte page sizes (Quan Zongliang)

    Previously, improper negative values could be returned in certain cases.

  • Add counters for temporary file block I/O to pg_stat_statements (Masahiko Sawada)

  • Add JIT counters to pg_stat_statements (Magnus Hagander)

  • Add new module pg_walinspect (Bharath Rupireddy)

    This gives SQL-level output similar to pg_waldump.

  • Indicate the permissive/enforcing state in sepgsql log messages (Dave Page)

E.6.3.12.1. postgres_fdw

  • Allow postgres_fdw to push down CASE expressions (Alexander Pyhalov)

  • Add server variable postgres_fdw.application_name to control the application name of postgres_fdw connections (Hayato Kuroda)

    Previously the remote session’s application_name could only be set on the remote server or via a postgres_fdw connection specification. postgres_fdw.application_name supports some escape sequences for customization, making it easier to tell such connections apart on the remote server.

  • Allow parallel commit on postgres_fdw servers (Etsuro Fujita)

    This is enabled with the CREATE SERVER option parallel_commit.

E.6.4. Acknowledgments

The following individuals (in alphabetical order) have contributed to this release as patch authors, committers, reviewers, testers, or reporters of issues.

Abhijit Menon-Sen

Adam Brusselback

Adam Mackler

Adrian Ho

Ahsan Hadi

Ajin Cherian

Alastair McKinley

Aleksander Alekseev

Ales Zeleny

Alex Kingsborough

Alex Kozhemyakin

Alexander Korotkov

Alexander Kukushkin

Alexander Lakhin

Alexander Nawratil

Alexander Pyhalov

Alexey Borzov

Alexey Ermakov

Aliaksandr Kalenik

Álvaro Herrera

Amit Kapila

Amit Khandekar

Amit Langote

Amul Sul

Anastasia Lubennikova

Anders Kaseorg

Andreas Dijkman

Andreas Grob

Andreas Seltenreich

Andrei Zubkov

Andres Freund

Andrew Alsup

Andrew Bille

Andrew Dunstan

Andrew Gierth

Andrew Kesper

Andrey Borodin

Andrey Lepikhov

Andrey Sokolov

Andy Fan

Anton Melnikov

Anton Voloshin

Antonin Houska

Arjan van de Ven

Arne Roland

Arthur Zakirov

Ashutosh Bapat

Ashutosh Sharma

Ashwin Agrawal

Asif Rehman

Asim Praveen

Atsushi Torikoshi

Aya Iwata

Bauyrzhan Sakhariyev

Benoit Lobréau

Bernd Dorn

Bertrand Drouvot

Bharath Rupireddy

Björn Harrtell

Boris Kolpackov

Boris Korzun

Brad Nicholson

Brar Piening

Bruce Momjian

Bruno da Silva

Bryn Llewellyn

Carl Sopchak

Cary Huang

Chapman Flack

Chen Jiaoqian

Chris Bandy

Chris Lowder

Christian Quest

Christoph Berg

Christoph Heiss

Christophe Pettus

Christopher Painter-Wakefield

Claudio Freire

Clemens Zeidler

Corey Huinker

Dag Lem

Dagfinn Ilmari Mannsåker

Dan Kubb

Daniel Cherniy

Daniel Gustafsson

Daniel Polski

Daniel Vérité

Daniel Westermann

Daniele Varrazzo

Daniil Anisimov

Danny Shemesh

Darafei Praliaskouski

Daria Lepikhova

Dave Cramer

Dave Page

David Christensen

David Fetter

David G. Johnston

David Rowley

David Steele

David Zhang

Dean Rasheed

Dian Fay

Dilip Kumar

Dipesh Pandit

Dmitry Dolgov

Dmitry Koval

Dmitry Marakasov

Dominique Devienne

Dong Wook

Drew DeVault

Eduard Català

Egor Chindyaskin

Egor Rogov

Ekaterina Kiryanova

Elena Indrupskaya

Elvis Pranskevichus

Emmanuel Quincerot

Emre Hasegeli

Eric Mutta

Erica Zhang

Erik Rijkers

Erki Eessaar

Etsuro Fujita

Euler Taveira

Fabien Coelho

Fabrice Chapuis

Fabrice Fontaine

Fabrízio de Royes Mello

Feike Steenbergen

Filip Gospodinov

Florin Irion

Floris Van Nee

Frédéric Yhuel

Gabriela Serventi

Gaurab Dey

Geoff Winkless

Geoffrey Blake

Georgios Kokolatos

Gilles Darold

Greg Nancarrow

Greg Rychlewski

Greg Sabino Mullane

Greg Stark

Gregory Smith

Guillaume Lelarge

Gunnar Bluth

Gurjeet Singh

Haiyang Wang

Haiying Tang

Hannu Krosing

Hans Buschmann

Hayato Kuroda

Heath Lord

Heikki Linnakangas

Herwig Goemans

Himanshu Upadhyaya

Holly Roberts

Hou Zhijie

Hubert Lubaczewski

Ian Barwick

Ian Campbell

Ibrar Ahmed

Ildus Kurbangaliev

Ilya Anfimov

Itamar Gafni

Jacob Champion

Jaime Casanova

Jakub Wartak

James Coleman

James Hilliard

James Inform

Jan Piotrowski

Japin Li

Jason Harvey

Jason Kim

Jean-Christophe Arnu

Jeevan Ladhe

Jeff Davis

Jeff Janes

Jehan-Guillaume de Rorthais

Jelte Fennema

Jeremy Evans

Jeremy Schneider

Jian Guo

Jian He

Jimmy Yih

Jiri Fejfar

Jitka Plesníková

Joe Conway

Joe Wildish

Joel Jacobson

Joey Bodoia

John Naylor

Jonathan Katz

Josef Simanek

Joseph Koshakow

Josh Soref

Joshua Brindle

Juan José Santamaría Flecha

Julien Rouhaud

Julien Roze

Junwang Zhao

Jürgen Purtz

Justin Pryzby

Ken Kato

Kevin Burke

Kevin Grittner

Kevin Humphreys

Kevin McKibbin

Kevin Sweet

Kevin Zheng

Klaudie Willis

Konstantin Knizhnik

Konstantina Skovola

Kosei Masumura

Kotaro Kawamoto

Koyu Tanigawa

Kuntal Ghosh

Kyotaro Horiguchi

Lars Kanis

Lauren Fliksteen

Laurent Hasson

Laurenz Albe

Leslie Lemaire

Liam Bowen

Lingjie Qiang

Liu Huailing

Louis Jachiet

Lukas Fittl

Ma Liangzhu

Maciek Sakrejda

Magnus Hagander

Mahendra Singh Thalor

Maksim Milyutin

Marc Bachmann

Marcin Krupowicz

Marcus Gartner

Marek Szuba

Marina Polyakova

Mario Emmenlauer

Mark Dilger

Mark Murawski

Mark Wong

Markus Wanner

Markus Winand

Martijn van Oosterhout

Martin Jurca

Martin Kalcher

Martín Marqués

Masahiko Sawada

Masahiro Ikeda

Masao Fujii

Masaya Kawamoto

Masayuki Hirose

Matthias van de Meent

Matthijs van der Vleuten

Maxim Orlov

Maxim Yablokov

Melanie Plageman

Michael Banck

Michael Harris

Michael J. Sullivan

Michael Meskes

Michael Mühlbeyer

Michael Paquier

Michael Powers

Mike Fiedler

Mike Oh

Mikhail Kulagin

Miles Delahunty

Naoki Okano

Nathan Bossart

Nathan Long

Nazir Bilal Yavuz

Neha Sharma

Neil Chen

Nicola Contu

Nicolas Lutic

Nikhil Benesch

Nikhil Shetty

Nikhil Sontakke

Nikita Glukhov

Nikolai Berkoff

Nikolay Samokhvalov

Nikolay Shaplov

Nitin Jadhav

Noah Misch

Noboru Saito

Noriyoshi Shinoda

Olaf Bohlen

Olly Betts

Onder Kalaci

Oskar Stenberg

Otto Kekalainen

Paul Guo

Paul Jungwirth

Paul Martinez

Pavan Deolasee

Pavel Borisov

Pavel Luzanov

Pavel Stehule

Peter Eisentraut

Peter Geoghegan

Peter Slavov

Peter Smith

Petr Jelínek

Phil Florent

Phil Krylov

Pierre-Aurélien Georges

Prabhat Sahu

Quan Zongliang

Rachel Heaton

Rahila Syed

Rajakavitha Kodhandapani

Rajkumar Raghuwanshi

Ranier Vilela

Rei Kamigishi

Reid Thompson

Rémi Lapeyre

Renan Soares Lopes

Richard Guo

Richard Wesley

RKN Sai Krishna

Robert Haas

Robert Treat

Roberto Mello

Robins Tharakan

Roger Mason

Roman Zharkov

Ronan Dunklau

Rui Zhao

Ryan Kelly

Ryo Matsumura

Ryohei Takahashi

Sadhuprasad Patro

Sait Talha Nisanci

Sami Imseih

Sandeep Thakkar

Sebastian Kemper

Sehrope Sarkuni

Sergei Kornilov

Sergei Shoulbakov

Sergey Shinderuk

Shay Rojansky

Shenhao Wang

Shi Yu

Shinya Kato

Shruthi Gowda

Simon Perepelitsa

Simon Riggs

Sirisha Chamarthi

Soumyadeep Chakraborty

Stan Hu

Stas Kelvich

Stefen Hillman

Stephen Frost

Steve Chavez

Sumanta Mukherjee

Suraj Khamkar

Suraj Kharage

Sven Klemm

Takamichi Osumi

Takayuki Tsunakawa

Takeshi Ideriha

Tatsuhiro Nakamori

Tatsuhito Kasahara

Tatsuo Ishii

Tatsuro Yamada

Teja Mupparti

Teodor Sigaev

Thibaud Walkowiak

Thom Brown

Thomas McKay

Thomas Munro

Tim McNamara

Timo Stolz

Timur Khanjanov

Tom Lane

Tomas Barton

Tomas Vondra

Tony Reix

Troy Frericks

Tushar Ahuja

Victor Wagner

Victor Yegorov

Vignesh C

Vik Fearing

Vincas Dargis

Vitaly Burovoy

Vitaly Voronov

Vladimir Sitnikov

Wang Ke

Wei Sun

Wei Wang

Whale Song

Will Mortensen

Wolfgang Walther

Yanliang Lei

Yaoguang Chen

Yogendra Suralkar

YoungHwan Joo

Yugo Nagata

Yukun Wang

Yura Sokolov

Yusuke Egashira

Yuzuko Hosoya

Zhang Mingli

Zhang Wenjie

Zhihong Yu

Zhiyong Wu
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