Patroni

In asynchronous mode the cluster is allowed to lose some committed transactions to ensure availability. When the primary server fails or becomes unavailable for any other reason Patroni will automatically promote a sufficiently healthy standby to primary. Any transactions that have not been replicated to that standby remain in a “forked timeline” on the primary, and are effectively unrecoverable [1].

The amount of transactions that can be lost is controlled via maximum_lag_on_failover parameter. Because the primary transaction log position is not sampled in real time, in reality the amount of lost data on failover is worst case bounded by maximum_lag_on_failover bytes of transaction log plus the amount that is written in the last ttl seconds (loop_wait/2 seconds in the average case). However typical steady state replication delay is well under a second.

By default, when running leader elections, Patroni does not take into account the current timeline of replicas, what in some cases could be undesirable behavior. You can prevent the node not having the same timeline as a former primary become the new leader by changing the value of check_timeline parameter to true.

You can use Postgres’s synchronous replication with Patroni. Synchronous replication ensures consistency across a cluster by confirming that writes are written to a secondary before returning to the connecting client with a success. The cost of synchronous replication: reduced throughput on writes. This throughput will be entirely based on network performance.

In hosted datacenter environments (like AWS, Rackspace, or any network you do not control), synchronous replication significantly increases the variability of write performance. If followers become inaccessible from the leader, the leader effectively becomes read-only.

To enable a simple synchronous replication test, add the following lines to the parameters section of your YAML configuration files:

When using PostgreSQL synchronous replication, use at least three Postgres data nodes to ensure write availability if one host fails.

Using PostgreSQL synchronous replication does not guarantee zero lost transactions under all circumstances. When the primary and the secondary that is currently acting as a synchronous replica fail simultaneously a third node that might not contain all transactions will be promoted.

For use cases where losing committed transactions is not permissible you can turn on Patroni’s synchronous_mode. When synchronous_mode is turned on Patroni will not promote a standby unless it is certain that the standby contains all transactions that may have returned a successful commit status to client [2]. This means that the system may be unavailable for writes even though some servers are available. System administrators can still use manual failover commands to promote a standby even if it results in transaction loss.

Turning on synchronous_mode does not guarantee multi node durability of commits under all circumstances. When no suitable standby is available, primary server will still accept writes, but does not guarantee their replication. When the primary fails in this mode no standby will be promoted. When the host that used to be the primary comes back it will get promoted automatically, unless system administrator performed a manual failover. This behavior makes synchronous mode usable with 2 node clusters.

When synchronous_mode is on and a standby crashes, commits will block until next iteration of Patroni runs and switches the primary to standalone mode (worst case delay for writes ttl seconds, average case loop_wait/2 seconds). Manually shutting down or restarting a standby will not cause a commit service interruption. Standby will signal the primary to release itself from synchronous standby duties before PostgreSQL shutdown is initiated.

When it is absolutely necessary to guarantee that each write is stored durably on at least two nodes, enable synchronous_mode_strict in addition to the synchronous_mode. This parameter prevents Patroni from switching off the synchronous replication on the primary when no synchronous standby candidates are available. As a downside, the primary is not be available for writes (unless the Postgres transaction explicitly turns off synchronous_mode), blocking all client write requests until at least one synchronous replica comes up.

You can ensure that a standby never becomes the synchronous standby by setting nosync tag to true. This is recommended to set for standbys that are behind slow network connections and would cause performance degradation when becoming a synchronous standby.

Synchronous mode can be switched on and off via Patroni REST interface. See dynamic configuration for instructions.

Note: Because of the way synchronous replication is implemented in PostgreSQL it is still possible to lose transactions even when using synchronous_mode_strict. If the PostgreSQL backend is cancelled while waiting to acknowledge replication (as a result of packet cancellation due to client timeout or backend failure) transaction changes become visible for other backends. Such changes are not yet replicated and may be lost in case of standby promotion.

The parameter synchronous_node_count is used by Patroni to manage number of synchronous standby databases. It is set to 1 by default. It has no effect when synchronous_mode is set to off. When enabled, Patroni manages precise number of synchronous standby databases based on parameter synchronous_node_count and adjusts the state in DCS & synchronous_standby_names as members join and leave.

When in synchronous mode Patroni maintains synchronization state in the DCS, containing the latest primary and current synchronous standby databases. This state is updated with strict ordering constraints to ensure the following invariants:

Patroni will only assign one or more synchronous standby nodes based on synchronous_node_count parameter to synchronous_standby_names.

On each HA loop iteration Patroni re-evaluates synchronous standby nodes choice. If the current list of synchronous standby nodes are connected and has not requested its synchronous status to be removed it remains picked. Otherwise the cluster member available for sync that is furthest ahead in replication is picked.

The data is still there, but recovering it requires a manual recovery effort by data recovery specialists. When Patroni is allowed to rewind with use_pg_rewind the forked timeline will be automatically erased to rejoin the failed primary with the cluster.

Clients can change the behavior per transaction using PostgreSQL’s synchronous_commit setting. Transactions with synchronous_commit values of off and local may be lost on fail over, but will not be blocked by replication delays.

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